or anyone of the four tested infectious agents significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) increased the risk of abortion in sheep and goat flocks. However, the presence of other livestock species and dogs in the household and exposure of the flock to Brucella spp. Spending the night in a traditional house and providing supplementary feed for pregnant dams were important management factors which significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) decreased the risk of abortion by 2.63 and 4.55 times, respectively. gondii mixed infection was found in 31.58% sheep and 63.33% goat flocks. Overall, 65.41% sheep and 92.22% goat flocks tested positive for one or more abortion causing agents, namely, C. A higher proportion of abortion was recorded during the short rainy season (March to May) and start of the short dry and cold season (June to August) in the lowland mixed crop-livestock and pastoral agroecology and production system, respectively. Farmers perceived infectious diseases, extreme weather conditions, feed shortage, physical traumas, and plant poisoning as the most important causes of abortion. The mean annual flock abortion percentages were 16.1% (☒6.23) for does and 12.6% (☒3.5) for ewes. Results showed that 142 (58.68%) goats and 53 (17.73%) sheep flocks reported abortions in the 12 months before the survey. The effect of management and exposure to infectious causes on the number of abortions in the flock across agroecology was tested using zero-inflated negative binomial regression. A causal diagram outlined relationships between potential predictor variables and abortion in the flock. Blood samples were collected from 133 sheep and 90 goat flocks and tested for Coxiella burnetii, Brucella spp., Chlamydia abortus, and Toxoplasma gondii. Information on pregnancy outcomes and management risk factors were collected for 299 goat and 242 sheep flocks. 6Sekota District Livestock and Fish Development Office, Sekota, EthiopiaĪ cross-sectional survey was conducted to estimate the incidence of small ruminant abortion and identify its major causes and potential risk factors in goat and sheep flocks in three agroecology and production systems of Ethiopia.5Sekota Dryland Agricultural Research Center, Sekota, Ethiopia. 4National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), Sebeta, Ethiopia.3College of Veterinary Medicine, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia.2Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia. 1Animal and Human Health, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Gezahegn Alemayehu 1,2,3 *, Gezahegne Mamo 2, Biruk Alemu 1, Hiwot Desta 1, Biniam Tadesse 4, Teferi Benti 4, Adane Bahiru 5, Muhabaw Yimana 6 and Barbara Wieland 1
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